Step 3: Define Geological Domains

Grouping your geological data into suitable domains for modelling is a key step in the modelling process. The domains you define may be influenced by the intended use of the geological model and may be more complex or simplified than what has been logged. It is important to have a non-destructive and repeatable workflow for defining the domains required for the modelling task, using tools that instill confidence or alert you to issues in the domaining decisions being made.

Vulcan GeologyCore’s Domain Manager is a tool that you can use to organise geological data into suitable domains. It is a central part of a repeatable process for defining the domains.

The domaining process is summarised with three main steps:

  1. Define domain rules.
    Use the Domain Manager to define rules to split or combine logged data, or apply grade cutoffs.

  2. Run domaining and display domain charts.
    Apply the domain rules and display charts to see changes in the domain statistics.

  3. Apply manual coding to intervals.
    Manually adjust intervals that do not get defined by simple rules.

You can repeat the process of defining rules, applying manual coding, and inspecting charts until you are satisfied with the results.

The domaining tools are located in the Domain Definition group on the Modelling, DomainMCF and Stratigraphic ribbon tabs.

Follow these steps to define your geological domains:

  1. Define domain rules.

    Vulcan GeologyCore’s Domain Manager allows you to easily control how geological data is grouped into suitable domains for modelling.

    To get started with domaining, follow these steps:

    1. Click Domain Manager on the ribbon. The Domain Manager panel is displayed.

      Note:  The domain codes and drillholes are automatically populated if there are existing domain groups.

    2. Select a Domain group name from the drop-down list if there are existing domains. However, you can create a new domain group, or make a copy of or rename the existing domain groups.

      Create a new domain group
      Make a copy of the selected domain group
      Rename the selected domain group
      Delete the selected domain group

      There are five options available to define names and rules for generating drillhole and sample domains.

      Input data for domaining
      Filters applied before the domain rules
      Set domaining rules
      Modifiers applied after the domaining rules
      Domain chart settings

      Note:  The panel is divided into two sections: left-hand pane and right-hand pane. The left hand pane (usually remains fixed on the panel) shows a list of the domain codes selected and the right hand pane (changes according to the options selected) shows the settings for the corresponding options.

    3. Select the input data for domaining first. In the Drillholes list, specify the set of drillhole inputs you want to run domaining on.

      You can specify multiple databases and set up rules on them individually. For example, if different logging codes have been used for the same units in historic databases, or if numeric cutoffs define domains in production holes, while resource drilling has explicit logging.

      This field requires a drillhole selection, from either a single or multiple databases.

      • Add a drillhole database or drillhole subset to the list by making a selection in the project explorer and then clicking . Alternatively, drag and drop the drillhole database or selection from the project explorer into the drillhole list.

      • Optionally define an alias and swap data at a later date. The icon at the right shows the number of drillholes selected.

      • Remove an item by selecting it in the list and clicking .

      • Optionally populate domain codes from drillholes.


        Perform this step if you want to use domain codes defined in your database. Domain codes can be manually added later if you skip this step.

        1. Click Populate domains from drillholes...

          The Populate Domains From Drillholes panel appears.

        2. For each input you want to use to generate the set of domain codes, make sure the Use input checkbox is selected in the list, and choose the table and field for the domain codes from the Table and field drop-down.

        3. In Initial colours, specify a string legend to colour the domains. If a legend exists with a name matching one of the domain fields chosen above, it will be specified by default. Otherwise, drag a compatible legend into the field.

        4. Click OK.

          The Domains section of the Domain Manager will be populated with the domain codes extracted from the drillholes.

    4. Configure and apply preprocessing filters before defining the domain rules. These data filters define what intervals the domaining is run on. These can be based on a field in the database or a region such as a blast solid in open pit models.

      Set up the filter rules to determine whether this domain code is to be applied to an interval.

      • The All/Any toggle button determines how to combine multiple filters. Choose All if every filter’s criterion needs to met to define the domain, or Any if only one or more filter’s criterion needs to be met.

      • The preprocessing filters can be based on field value, or a region inside/outside solid or above/below surface. Select the required filter from the drop-down.

      • For a region in a solid or surface, select the Inside or Outside in case of Inside/Outside solid OR Above or Below in case of Above/Below surface and specify the solid/surface to be used.

      • For field value filter, select a table and field in the Table:Field drop-down, and then configure the criterion to be met:

        • String fields match a string exactly. In the example on the left, the first filter specifies that the value of the GEOLOG:GCODA field needs to match the string “F_CAV” exactly for the domain to be defined.

        • Numeric fields test whether the value falls in a specified range. Select the Scale to a percentage checkbox to perform the test on the value converted to a percentage rather than the raw value.

    5. Configure the domain list.

      The Domains section on the left-hand pane of the Domain Manager displays a list of domains to include in domaining runs.

      • To manually add a new domain code to the list, click . To delete a domain from the list, select it and click .

      • Deselect a domain’s checkbox in the Run column to exclude it from the domaining process without deleting it from the list.

      • The ordering of domains in the list is important if any rules could apply to more than one domain. The Order column indicates the order in which the rules of each domain are applied. Increase or decrease the precedence of an individual domain’s rules by selecting it in the list and clicking the or buttons.

      • To rename a domain, double-click on its field in the Name column and enter a new name.

      • To change a domain’s colour, double-click on its field in the Colour column and select a new colour.

      • Move an individual domain to a different position in the list by double-clicking on its field in the Order column and entering a new position.

    6. Configure individual domain rules.

      When you select a domain in domain list, the rules associated with that domain are displayed in the Rules for <domain> section on the right-hand pane of the Domain Manager.

      • Click Edit to edit the domain’s rules.

        There are two kinds of rules that you can apply to intervals: filters and modifiers. Filters are rules that are applied to an interval to determine whether it should be included as part of a domain or not. Modifiers are rules that are applied to change interval boundaries according to some criterion. A domain’s filters are applied before modifiers are applied. If the Match entire drillhole filter option is selected, all intervals for a drillhole are passed on to the modifier.

        • Configure the domain’s filters on the Filter tab.

          Set up to filter rules to determine whether this domain code is to be applied to an interval.

          • The All/Any toggle button determines how to combine multiple filters. Choose All if every filter’s criterion needs to met to define the domain, or Any if only one or more filter’s criterion needs to be met.

          • The default first filter for most domains will check that the domain code matches the interval’s domain code.

          • To add or edit a filter, select a table and field in the Table:Field drop-down, and then configure the criterion to be met:

            • String fields match a string exactly. In the example on the left, the first filter specifies that the value of the GEOLOG:GCODA field needs to match the string “F_CAV” exactly for the domain to be defined.

            • Numeric fields test whether the value falls in a specified range. Select the Scale to a percentage checkbox to perform the test on the value converted to a percentage rather than the raw value.

          • Select the Match entire drillhole checkbox to apply the domain code to the entire drillhole rather than match any other criteria. This is useful when used in conjunction with modifiers on the same domain, or with other rules for subsequent domains.

        • Configure the domain’s modifiers on the Modifiers tab.

          Configure modifiers as follows:

          • Choose a modifier type from the drop-down list. The following modifiers are available:

            • Inside/outside solid—keep only intervals or parts of intervals that lie wholly inside or outside of a specified solid. This is useful when logged domains must fall within a larger structure.

            • Above/below surface—keep only intervals or parts of intervals that lie wholly above or below a specified surface. This is useful when combined with vein or implicit models, to restrict any domains to above or below a known horizon.

            • Inside/outside polygons—keep only intervals or parts of intervals within the selected polygon(s). Polygons are projected vertically and inside polygons is inside any polygons, outside polygons is outside all polygons.

            • Select by length—keep only intervals that match a given length criterion, e.g. greater than or less than the specified length.

            • Select thickest/thinnest—keep only the n thickest or thinnest intervals .

            • Combine by grade cutoff—combine waste intervals into ore that meet a given average grade cutoff criterion.

            • Combine by distance—combine intervals that match a given distance criterion. For example, two domain intervals separated by another rock type can be classified as continuous when they are less than a specified distance apart.

            • Combine by thickness—combine adjacent intervals that match a given thickness criterion. For example, intervals below a certain thickness can be absorbed into a domain.

            • Split by count—split intervals into a given number of smaller, equally-sized intervals. This can be useful to increase the density of modelling samples in a narrow unit.

            • Split by length—split intervals into a number of intervals of the same length. This can be useful to create an even data density when generating DomainMCF models.

          • Click Add modifier to add extra modifiers.

            Important!  Modifiers are applied in order. This is important, for example, when using both combining or splitting modifiers. Change the precedence of an individual modifier using the and buttons.

          • Click to delete a modifier.

      • Click Save to save the rule set as a template under a specified name.

      • Click Import to import a rule set from a previously saved template.

      Tip:  You can use domain rules to define domains using grade cutoffs. For a quick way to do this, add a domain to the domain list. Configure its rules by selecting the Match entire drillhole checkbox on the Filters tab, and then adding a Combine by grade cutoff modifier on the Modifiers tab.

    7. Configure and apply postprocessing modifiers after defining the domaining rules.

      Modifiers change interval boundaries according to some criterion when domaining is run. For example, you can set up modifiers to split or combine intervals. Global modifiers created on this panel are applied to every domain—but you can configure modifiers for individual domains in a later step.

      Configure modifiers as follows:

      • Choose a modifier type from the drop-down list. The following modifiers are available:

        • Inside/outside solid—keep only intervals or parts of intervals that lie wholly inside or outside of a specified solid. This is useful when logged domains must fall within a larger structure.

        • Above/below surface—keep only intervals or parts of intervals that lie wholly above or below a specified surface. This is useful when combined with vein or implicit models, to restrict any domains to above or below a known horizon.

        • Inside/outside polygons—keep only intervals or parts of intervals within the selected polygon(s). Polygons are projected vertically and inside polygons is inside any polygons, outside polygons is outside all polygons.

        • Select by length—keep only intervals that match a given length criterion, e.g. greater than or less than the specified length.

        • Select thickest/thinnest—keep only the n thickest or thinnest intervals .

        • Combine by grade cutoff—combine waste intervals into ore that meet a given average grade cutoff criterion.

        • Combine by distance—combine intervals that match a given distance criterion. For example, two domain intervals separated by another rock type can be classified as continuous when they are less than a specified distance apart.

        • Combine by thickness—combine adjacent intervals that match a given thickness criterion. For example, intervals below a certain thickness can be absorbed into a domain.

        • Split by count—split intervals into a given number of smaller, equally-sized intervals. This can be useful to increase the density of modelling samples in a narrow unit.

        • Split by length—split intervals into a number of intervals of the same length. This can be useful to create an even data density when generating DomainMCF models.

      • Click Add modifier to add extra modifiers.

        Important!  Modifiers are applied in order. This is important, for example, when using both combining or splitting modifiers. Change the precedence of an individual modifier using the and buttons.

      • Click to delete a modifier.

  2. Run domaining and display domain charts.

    Whenever you run domaining with different rules, the statistics on your domains will change. Use domain charts to see the effect of the rules you’ve applied. You can tell the Domain Manager to automatically show charts on the domains you’ve selected each time you run domaining.

    Follow these steps to run domaining with charts:

    1. Click the Domain chart settings option on the top. The Charts section is displayed on the right-hand pane of the Domain Manager. Select the charts you want to generate.

      • Optionally click Open Charts to generate the charts immediately. The charts will display the current statistics—i.e. before domaining is applied.

      • Multiple grade charts can be generated simultaneously by clicking on the Add Grade Chart button and adding grade variables to the charts.

        Note:  Selecting domain grade charts but not selecting grade variables will still generate grade charts and you can select the grade variables once the charts are loaded.

    2. Choose a visualisation option from the Visualisation drop-down.

    3. Click Run domaining to apply the domain rules to the drillholes.

      When you do this, three things happen:

      • The domain codes are updated in the Intervals Table of the drillhole database(s). This table is created by Vulcan GeologyCore and means that the source tables for the intervals will not be modified by the domaining process.

      • Any charts you selected in the Charts tab are generated and displayed (or updated if they are already showing).


      • The drillhole visualisation updates based on the option you selected.

    4. Inspect charts (if generated).

      • The charts only include data from domains included in the domain list (i.e. have their Run checkbox selected). Because these charts are related to the current domaining run, they will close when you close the Domain Manager.

      • If you chose to generate a Domain counts chart, you can modify the set of domains to run from the chart. To do this, use the chart options to display the domains you are interested in (e.g. the domains with the highest counts), then click Update Domain Manager.

        The Run column of the domain list updates such that only domains in the chart are selected. This is useful when you want to quickly model the main units of a deposit.

    Keep the Domain Manager open and re-run the steps above to refine your domain list and rule set until you are satisfied with the result.

  3. Apply manual coding to intervals.

    Not all intervals can be adequately defined by simple rules. After using the approach described in the previous step, you can make minor manual adjustments to the domains defined by the Domain Manager.

    To manually set domain codes, follow these steps:

    1. Click Set Intervals on the Modelling, DomainMCF or Stratigraphic ribbon tabs.

      The Set Intervals panel appears.

    2. Make sure the Field to set is set to Intervals Table:Domain.

    3. Enter a domain code in the Value field. Alternatively, you can also select the domain code from the legend by using the Select from legend button.

    4. In the selection toolbar located at the top of the project explorer, set the selection mode to edges .

    5. In a view window displaying your drillholes, select the intervals you want to adjust.

      • Select a single interval by clicking on it.

      • Hold Shift and click or draw a region to add one or more intervals to the interval selection.

      • Hold Ctrl and click or draw a region to remove one or more intervals from the interval selection.

      • You can restrict the interval selection operation to selected objects. Select the objects first in the project explorer or view window (in object selection mode ) before switching to edge selection mode .

      • To select all intervals within the current object selection, press Ctrl + A.

    6. On the Set Intervals panel under Intervals to set, choose which intervals to set the domain code on.

      • Choose All selected intervals to apply the domain code to all the selected intervals.

      • Choose Selected intervals with empty field to apply the domain code only to selected intervals that are currently empty.

      • Choose Selected intervals with existing value of to apply the domain code only to selected intervals with the given value. This is a convenient way of selecting multiple intervals with the same domain code. Alternatively, you can also select intervals from the legend by using the Select from legend button.

    7. Click OK or Apply to apply the coding.

      Manually coded intervals are flagged as Edited in the Intervals Table in the drillhole database to prevent them being unintentionally overwritten when applying domaining rules using the Domain Manager.

      If you subsequently run domaining again using the Domain Manager and you want to overwrite manually edited intervals, select the Overwrite manually set intervals checkbox in the Rules section of Domain Manager.

Step 2: Validate Drillhole Data

Step 4: Generate a Model